Learning about Civics and Government: The Ethics of AI in Political Campaigns

Guest post by: Torrey Trust and Robert W. Maloy, University of Massachusetts Amherst

“The Ethicist” – Kwane Anthony Appiah’s column in the New York Times Magazine – offers philosophical advice about how to respond to the dilemmas and complexities of everyday life. People submit questions they want answered, and the rights and wrongs or ethics of what to do are not immediately clear or self-evident. Questions posed include: “Is it ever acceptable to visit a Confederate historical site?” “My salary is too high. Is it wrong to stay in my job?” “Can I sell my Taylor Swift tickets for thousands of dollars?” and “Can I use ChatGPT for the tedious parts of my job?” In July 2023, the Ethicist responded to this last question about ChatGPT, which was written by the chair of the English department at a small college. The reply was “yes,” as long as “you exercise proper vigilance and can stand by what you submit” (para. 4).

Utilizing “The Ethicist” as the starting point for instructional ideas, we envision giving elementary, middle, and high school students ongoing opportunities to develop their own ethical responses to authentic questions and issues they are facing in their lives, schools, and communities – especially those related to the use of GenAI tools and large language models (LLMs) – as a means of helping them develop their civic engagement skills and knowledge. Ideally, students engage in discussions about how they and others should act in the different situations and settings of everyday life. By stating their views and restating and understanding the views of others, students will become more socially conscious and civically engaged as members of our diverse society.

Questions of ethics and ethical behavior are central to how individuals and groups conduct political campaigns. In the run-up to the 2024 election, political candidates, parties, and action and advocacy groups have been using GenAI tools to generate campaign speeches, policy proposals, and even fundraising emails. In one example, the Democratic Party used AI to write fundraising emails and found that AI-generated fundraising requests performed as well as or better than human-generated requests in generating financial responses from donors (Goldmacher, 2023). However, not all uses of GenAI in political campaigns have been done with honorable intentions. University of Georgia journalism professor David E. Clementson (2023) identified multiple ways that GenAI tools could make political campaigns more deceptive than ever, including using these tools to design customized bogus campaign promises, write outright lies presented as truthful statements, convince voters to reevaluate their choice of candidates, and craft manipulated photos of candidates.

Following the model of “The Ethicist,” students could be asked: “Is it ethical to use GenAI tools to craft political campaign materials and media?” To begin this activity, students could be encouraged to use the Teacher and Student Guide to Analyzing AI Writing Tools to critically investigate popular GenAI tools, including ChatGPT, Bard, Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E. This guide provides a series of prompts that motivate students to examine the design and production of AI tools (questioning things like “Who designed this tool and why? “How does this tool make money?” “What data was used to train this tool?” “What biases are represented in the data?” and “What privacy protections are in place for users’ data?”) and the output of AI tools (questioning things like “Who or what is included in the output and who or what is left out?” and “How does the AI-generated output compare to human-generated text or media?”). Through this type of critical investigation, students might uncover that GenAI tools are trained on data that has embedded biases and consider what that might mean if political campaign staff use these tools, for example, to write fundraising campaigns based on demographic data.

Next, students could work on designing their own political campaign to run for a local or statewide political office (see the “Online Campaigning for Political Office” activity). Students could start this activity without any assistance from GenAI tools and then mid-way through the activity have the opportunity to use AI to help with or improve their campaign materials. For example, students might ask ChatGPT to generate a series of social media posts related to their campaign promises, write a script for a podcast or video that will be embedded into their campaign website, improve the quality of the text for their campaign website, or devise a strategy for increasing voter engagement with their campaign. Or, they could use image generators, like Microsoft Bing Image Creator powered by DALL-E, to produce visuals for their campaign websites or social media posts.

After designing their own political campaigns with and without the assistance of GenAI tools, students could engage in a discussion or debate about whether they think it is ethical for politicians and their campaign staff to use GenAI tools to craft political campaign materials and media. Integrating an ethical question about the use of AI in political campaigns as students design their own run for political office gives students an opportunity to investigate what AI can and cannot do and what AI should and should not do as a tool. The cognitive scientist Fei-Fei Li said nearly a decade ago: “AI is a machine that can make a perfect chess move while the room is on fire” (quoted in Knight, 2017, para. 4). Her point is AI can generate content, but not critical thought or socially and morally ethical plans for action. Through this activity, students consider what role AI should play in politics, and then they should be able to form their own opinion to the prompt: “Is it ethical to use GenAI tools to craft political campaign materials and media?”

Author Bios

Torrey Trust, Ph.D. is a Professor of Learning Technology in the Department of Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies in the College of Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Her scholarship and teaching focus on how technology shapes educator and student learning. Specifically, Dr. Trust studies how educators engage with digitally enhanced professional learning networks (PLNs), how emerging pedagogical tools (e.g., HyperDocs), practices (e.g., Making), and technologies (e.g., 3D printers, augmented reality) facilitate new learning experiences, and how to design and use open educational resources (OERs). Dr. Trust served as a professional learning network leader for the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) for five years, including a two-year term as the President of the Teacher Education Network from 2016 to 2018. In 2018, Dr. Trust was selected as a recipient of the ISTE Making IT Happen Award, which “honors outstanding educators and leaders who demonstrate extraordinary commitment, leadership, courage, and persistence in improving digital learning opportunities for students.” www.torreytrust.com

Robert W. Maloy is a senior lecturer in the College of Education at the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he coordinates the history teacher education program and co-directs the TEAMS Tutoring Project, a community engagement/service learning initiative through which university students provide academic tutoring to culturally and linguistically diverse students in public schools throughout the Connecticut River Valley region of western Massachusetts. His research focuses on technology and educational change, teacher education, democratic teaching, and student learning. He is co-author of Transforming Learning with New Technologies (4th edition); Kids Have All the Write Stuff: Revised and Updated for a Digital Age; Wiki Works: Teaching Web Research and Digital Literacy in History and Humanities Classrooms; We, the Students and Teachers: Teaching Democratically in the History and Social Studies Classroom; Ways of Writing with Young Kids: Teaching Creativity and Conventions Unconventionally; Kids Have All the Write Stuff: Inspiring Your Child to Put Pencil to Paper; The Essential Career Guide to Becoming a Middle and High School Teacher; Schools for an Information Age; and Partnerships for Improving Schools.